中医英语课后翻译习题答案(全).pdf 34页

'Lesson11�中国医药学traditionalChinesemedicine;TCM2�中医基础理论basictheoryofTCM3�临床经验clinicalexperience4�辨证论治treatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation5�杂病miscellaneousdiseases6�中药学Chinesepharmacy7�四气五味fourpropertiesandfivetastes8�针灸acupunctureandmoxibustion9�古代中国哲学classicalChinesephilosophy10�汗法diaphoresis11�下法purgation12�吐法emesis13�补土派SchoolofReinforcingtheEarth14�病因学etiology15�方剂prescription;formula16�医疗实践medicalpractice17�治疗原则therapeuticprinciple18�寒凉药物herbscoldandcoolinnature19�滋阴降火nourishingyinandreducingfire20�瘀血致病diseasescausedbystagnantblood1.中国医药学有数千年的历史�是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。TCMhasahistoryofthousandsofyearsandisasummaryoftheChinesepeople’sexperienceintheirstruggleagainstdiseases.2.中医学有完整独特的理论体系。TCMhasauniqueandintegrativetheoreticalsystem.3.中医学是研究人的生命规律以及疾病的发生�发展和防治规律的一门科学。TCMisasciencethatstudiestherulesoflifeaswellastheoccurrence,progress,preventionandtreatmentofdiseases.4.《黄帝内经》为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。Huangdi’sInnerCanonofMedicinehaslaidafoundationfortheformationoftheoreticalsystemofTCM.5.《难经》在许多方面�尤其脉学上�补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。ClassicofDifficultieshassupplementedwhatwasunaddressedinHuangdi’sInnerCanonofMedicineinmanyrespects,especiallyinpulselore.6.《诸病源候论》是中医学最早的一部病因证候学专著。TreatiseonCausesandManifestationsofVariousDiseasesistheearliestmonographonetiologyandsymptomatologyinTCM.7.阳常有余�阴常不足。Yangisusuallyexcessivewhileyinisfrequentlydeficient.8.内伤脾胃�百病由生。Internalimpairmentofthespleenandstomachcausesvariousdiseases. 9.《本草纲目》是中药学史的不朽著作�并对世界药学的发展做出伟大的贡献。CompendiumofMateriaMedicaisrecognizedasamonumentalworkinthehistoryofChinesemateriamedicaandagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofpharmacologyintheworld.10.中药不但包含有草药�而且包含有矿物药和动物药等。TraditionalChinesemateriamedicaincludesnotonlymedicinalherbs,butalsomineralsandanimalparts.11.金元时期出现了后世称为“金元四大家”的医学流派。IntheJinandYuanDynasties,thereappearedtheso-called“fourgreatphysicians”inmedicalschool.12.张从正认为病由邪生�提倡汗、吐、下三法祛邪治病。ZhangCongzhengbelievedthatalldiseaseswerecausedbypathogenicfactorsandadvocatedthethreemeansofdiaphoresis,emesisandpurgationtoeliminatethepathogensforcureofdiseases13.刘完素认为“火热”为主要病因�用药以寒凉为主。LiuWansubelievedthat“fire-heat”wasthemaincauseofdiseasesandthedrugsheusedweremainlythosecoldandcoolinnature.14.李杲主张治疗疾病以温补脾胃为主�被称为“补土派”。LiGaoemphasizedthatwarming-strengtheningthespleenandstomachshouldbethekeyintreatingdiseasesandhewascalled“theSchooloReinforcingtheEarth”.15.朱丹溪治病以滋阴降火为主�被称为“养阴派”。ZhuDanxiadvocatedtheremediesofnourishingyinandreducingfireintreatmentofdiseasesandhewasknownas“theSchoolofNourishingYin”.16.温病是研究四时温病的发生、发展规律及其诊治方法的一门临床学科。TheStudyofWarmDiseaseisaclinicalsubjectinwhichthelawofoccurrenceanddevelopmentofwarm-heatdiseasesinthefourseasons,andtheirdiagnosesandtreatmentsarestudied.17.温病学派创立了以卫气营血和三焦为核心的温病辨证论治规范。TheschoolofWarmDiseasecreatedthenormsoftreatmentofwarmdiseasesbasedonsyndromedifferentiation,takingthedefensive-qi-nutrient-bloodsyndromesandthetriple-energizersyndromesasthecore.18.王清任改正了古医书在人体解剖方面的错误�并倡导瘀血致病的理论。WangQingrenrectifiedthemistakesmadeintheancientmedicalbooksabouthumananatomy,andadvocatedthetheoryofpathogenesisbystagnantblood.19.中西医结合为中医的发展与现代化开辟了一条新途径。TheintegrationofTCMwithWesternmedicineopenedanewwayfordevelopmentandmodernizationofTCM.20.中医基础理论系统化和实验研究取得了快速的进展。ArapiddevelopmenthasbeenachievedinsystematizationofTCMbasictheoryandexperimentalstudy.Lesson21�五脏fivezang-organs;fivezang-viscera2�六腑sixfu-organs 3�经络系统systemofmeridiansandcollaterals4�整体观念holism5�有机整体organicwhole6�社会属性socialattribute7�开窍(ofthefivezang-organs)openinto8�生长化收藏sprouting,growing,transforming,ripeningandstoring9�诊断学diagnostics10�邪正关系relationshipbetweenpathogenicfactorsandhealthyqi11�治疗学therapeutics12�风寒感冒commoncoldduetowindandcold13�同病异治treatmentofthesamediseasewithdifferentremedies14�异病同治treatmentofdifferentdiseaseswiththesameremedy15�水液代谢平衡balanceofwatermetabolism16�清心火clearingawayheartfire17�疾病本质natureofdisease18�“以左治右”treatingtheleftsideforcuringdiseaseslocatedontherightside19�“从阴引阳”drawingyangfromyin20�“病在上者下取之”treatingthelowerpartforcuringdiseaseslocatedontheupperpart1�中医理论体系有两个基本特点�一是整体观念�二是辨证论治。ThetheoreticalsystemofTCMismainlycharacterizedbyholismandtreatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation.2�中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体。TCMbelievesthatthehumanbodyisanorganicwhole.3�人体各个组成部分在功能上相互为用�在病理上相互影响。Theconstituentpartsofthehumanbodyareinterdependentinfunctionandmutuallyinfluentialinpathology.4�整体观念贯穿于中医生理、病理、诊法、辨证和治疗的各个方面。Theholismpermeatesthroughvariousaspectsofthephysiology,pathology,diagnosis,syndromedifferentiationandtreatmentofdiseases.5�自然界的变化又可以直接或间接地影响人体。Changesinthenaturalworlddirectlyorindirectlyinfluencethehumanbody.6�人的气血春夏趋向于表�秋冬趋向里Qiandbloodinthehumanbodytendtoflowtotheexteriorinspringandsummerandtotheinteriorinautumnandwinter.7�心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里。Theheartopensintothetongueandisinternallyandexternallyrelatedtothesmallintestine.8�中医认识到社会活动对心理的影响。TCMhasnoticedthatsocialactivitypsychologicallyinfluenceshumanbeings.9�中医强调形神共存�互用并相互影响。AccordingtoTCM,thebodyandspiritcoexist,interactingwitheachotherand influencingeachother.10.人体阳气白天多趋于表�夜晚多趋于里。Yangqiinthehumanbodytendstoflowtotheexteriorinthedaytimeandtotheinterioratnight.11�地区气候的差异在一定程度上也影响着人体的生理活动。Regionalclimatedifference,tosomeextent,influencesthephysiologicalactivitiesofthehumanbody.12�证是机体在疾病发展过程中的某一阶段的病理概括。Syndromeisageneralizationofpathologicalchangesatacertainstageduringthecourseofadisease.13�辨证论治是中医认识疾病和治疗疾病的基本原则�也是中医的基本特点之一。Treatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation,oneofthecharacteristicsofTCM,isthebasicprincipleinTCMforunderstandingandtreatingdiseases.14�证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质�以及邪正关系。Syndromeincludesthelocation,causeandnatureofadiseaseaswellasthestateofpathogenicfactorsandhealthyqi.15�辨证和论治是诊治疾病过程中相互联系不可分割的两个方面。Differentiationofsyndromeandtreatmentofdiseasearetwoinseparableaspectsindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases.16�临床中医注重辨病�但更注重辨证�从而通过治证来治疗疾病。ClinicallyaTCMdoctorpaysattentiontodiseasedifferentiation,andwhatismore,tosyndromedifferentiation,thustogetthepurposeofcuringadiseasethroughthetreatmentofitssyndrome.17�证能更全面、更正确地揭示疾病的本质。Syndromecancomprehensivelyandaccuratelyrevealthenatureofadisease.18�不同的疾病可因相同的病机而出现相同的证。Differentdiseasesmaydemonstratethesamesyndromebecauseofthesimilarityinpathology.19�如果两种疾病表现出相同的中气下陷证�就均可用升提中气的方法治疗。Ifthesyndromeofmiddleqisinkingappearsintwodifferentdiseases,theyallcanbetreatedbythetherapeuticmethodforelevatingmiddleqi.20�中医治病不是单纯注重病之异同�而是病机之异同。ThetreatmentofdiseasesinTCMdoesnotonlysimplyconcentrateonthedifferenceorsimilarityofdiseases,butonthedifferenceorsimilarityofpathologicalmechanism.Lesson31�哲学概念philosophicalconcept2�相互转化mutualtransformation3�阴平阳秘soundyinandsteadyyang4�阴阳转化transformationofyinandyangintoeachother/yin-yangtransformation5�寒极生热extremecoldturningintoheat6�病理变化pathologicalchange7�绝对偏盛absolutepreponderance 8�病机总纲generalprincipleofpatho-mechanism9�补其不足supplementingwhatisdeficient10�祛风散寒eliminatingwindanddispersingcold11�相互消长mutualwane-wax12�相互制约mutualrestriction13�相互依存interdependence14�阴胜则阳病yinpreponderancemakingyangsuffer15�相反相成beingoppositeandsupplementarytoeachother16�有机整体organicwhole17�阳损及阴involvementofyinbyyangdeficiency18�阴阳两虚dualdeficiencyofyinandyang19�虚寒证deficiency-coldsyndrome20�潜阳熄风subduingyangandextinguishingwind1.阴阳是中国古代哲学的一对范畴。YinandyangareapairofconceptsinclassicalChinesephilosophy.2.阴阳是自然界相互关联的某些事物和现象对立双方的概括。Yinandyangarethesummarizationoftheattributesoftwooppositeaspectsofinterrelatedthingsorphenomenainnature.3.宇宙间一切事物的发生、发展和变化都是阴阳对立统一矛盾运动的结果。Theformation,developmentandchangesofallthingsintheuniversearetheresultofthecontradictorymovementofyinandyangwithunityofopposites.4.天气轻清故属阳�地气重浊故属阴。Thecelestialqipertainstoyangbecauseitislightandlucid,whiletheterrestrialqipertainstoyinbecauseitisheavyandturbid.5.阴阳相互制约的过程就是相互消长的过程。(?)Thecourseofmutualrestrictionbetweenyinandyangsignifiestheirmutualwaning-waxing.6.没有阴也就无以言阳�没有阳亦无以言阴。Thereisnoyinwithoutyangandviceversa.7阴阳离绝�精气乃绝。Separationofyinandyangresultsinexhaustionofessence.8.只有不断的消长平衡�才能推动事物的正常发展。Onlythroughdynamicbalanceonwaning-waxingcanthenormaldevelopmentofthingsbepromoted.9.在一定条件下�阴阳可以各自向其相反的方向发展。Undergivenconditions,eitheryinoryangmaytransformintoitscounterpart.10.物生谓之化�物极谓之变。Growthofthingssignifiestransformationwhileextremedevelopmentofthingsindicateschange.11.人生有形�不离阴阳。Manwithitsbodyisindispensablefromyinandyang.12.功能属于阳�物质属于阴。Functionpertainstoyangwhilesubstancetoyin. 13�如果阴阳不能相互为用而分离�人的生命也就终止了。Ifyinandyangfailtopromoteeachotherandarethusseparatedfromeachother,itwillleadtotheendoflife.14.无论疾病的病理变化如何复杂�都不外乎阴阳的偏胜偏衰。Nomatterhowcomplicatedpathologicalchangesofadiseaseare,theyarenothingmorethanrelativepredominanceofyinoryang.15.正气指整个机体的结构与功能�包括人体对疾病的抵抗力等。Theso-calledvitalqireferstothestructureandfunctionsofthebody,includingbodyresistanceagainstdiseases.16.机体阴或阳的任何一方虚损到一定程度�必然导致另一方的不足。Ifeitherpartofyinoryangofthebodybecomesdeficienttoacertainextent,itwillinevitablyleadtoinsufficiencyoftheotherpart.17.疾病发生发展的内在原因在于阴阳失调。Imbalancebetweenyinandyangistheintrinsicfactorresponsiblefortheoccurrenceandprogressofadisease.18.从色泽的明暗�可以辨别病情的阴阳属性。Themanifestationsofcomplexioncantellwhetheradiseasepertainstoyinoryanginattribute.19.治疗的基本原则是补其不足�泻其有余。Thebasictherapeuticprincipleistosupplementthedefficientandreducetheexcessive.20�只有选用适宜的药物�才能收到良好的疗效。Onlywhenappropriateherbsarechosencanexcellenttherapeuticeffectsbeensured.Lesson41.五行学说thedoctrineoffiveelements2.条达舒畅freeandsmooth3.“生我、我生”generatingone,beinggeneratedone4�生中有制restrictionwithingeneration5.“木曰曲直”woodbeingcharacterizedbygrowingfreely(andperipherally)6�“土爰稼穑”earthbeingcharacterizedbycultivationandreaping.7�“水曰润下”waterbeingcharacterizedbymoisteninganddownwardflowing8�相乘相侮subjugationandcounter-restriction9�土虚木乘deficientearthbeingsubjugatedbywood/Woodsubjugatesearthbecauseitisdeficient.10�生克制化inhibition-developmentwithgenerationandrestriction11�母病及子involvementofachild-organbyitsmother-organdisorder12�肝肾精血不足shortageofessence-bloodintheliverandkidney13�心肝血虚blooddeficiencyintheheartandliver14�心火亢盛heart-fireexuberance15�肝阴不足liveryinshortage16�肾阳衰微kidneyyangdecline17�脾胃虚弱weaknessofthespleenandstomach18�平肝和胃soothingtheliverandharmonizingthestomach 19�肾阴不足kidneyyinshortage20�水火不济dis-coordinationbetweenwaterandfire1.木、火、土、金、水是不可缺少的五种最基本的物质。Wood,fire,earth,metalandwaterarethefiveindispensableandmostessentialmaterials.2.中医理论体系在形成过程中�受到古代五行学说的深刻影响。TheformationofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMwasdeeplyinfluencedbythedoctrineoffiveelements.3.水具有滋润和向下的特性。Waterischaracterizedbymoisteninganddownwardflow.4.肝主升而归属于木。Theliverpertainstowoodbecauseitsqiischaracterizedbyascending.5.脾主运化而归属于土。Thespleenpertainstoearthbecauseitgovernstransportationandtransformation.6.肾主水而归属于水。Thekidneygovernswaterandthuspertainstowater./Thekidneypertainstowatersinceitgovernswater.7.相克是指一事物对另一事物的生长和功能具有抑制和制约的作用。Restrictionimpliesthatonethingbringsundercontrolorrestraintofgrowthandfunctionofanother.8.木生火�“生我”者为木�火生土�“我生”者为土。Woodgeneratesfire,andthusthegeneratingiswood;firegeneratesearth,andthusthebeinggeneratedisearth.9.相乘即以强凌弱的意思。Subjugationmeanstolaunchanattackontheweak.10�木过强时�既可以乘土�又可以侮金。Whenwoodistoostrong,itwillsubjugatesearthandcounter-restrictsmetal.11�心阳有温煦之功能�故以心属火。Sinceitsyangisofwarmingfunction,theheartpertainstofire.12�肝藏血以济心。Theliverstoresbloodtohelptheheart.13.肾藏精以滋养肝的阴血。Thekidneystoresessencetonourishyin-bloodintheliver.14�子病犯母指疾病的传变从子脏传及母脏。Thetransmissionofachild-organdisorderattackingitsmother-organmeansadiseaseistransmittedfromachild-organtoitsmother-organ.15�人体是一个有机的整体�内脏有病可以反映到体表。Thehumanbodyisanorganicwhole.Sodisordersoftheinternalorganscanbemanifestedinthesurfaceofthebody.16�相克传变包括“相乘”和“相侮”�均属于不正常的相克。Restrictiontransmissionincludessubjugationandcounter-restrictionthatareabnormalrestrictionamongthefiveelements. 17.五行的基本关系是生、克、乘、侮。Thebasicrelationshipsamongthefiveelementsaregeneration,restriction,subjugationandcounter-restriction.18�生我者为母�我生者为子。Theonegeneratingmeismymotherandtheonebeinggeneratedbymeismychild.19�在临床治疗上�五行学说用来确定治疗原则和治疗方法。Clinicallythedoctrineoffiveelementsisusedtodecidetherapeuticprinciplesandmethods.20�五行学说也有一定的局限性。Thedoctrineoffiveelementshasalimitationtoacertaindegree.Lesson51�藏象学说doctrineofvisceralmanifestations2�五脏六腑fivezang-organsandsixfu-organs3�奇恒之腑extraordinaryfu-organs4�水谷精微essenceofwaterandfood5�传化水谷transportingandtransformingwaterandfood6�贮藏精气storingessence7�表里关系internalandexternalrelationship8�治疗效应therapeuticeffects9�临床实践clinicalpractice10�藏而不泻storagewithoutdischarge/excretion11�泻而不藏dischargewithoutstorage12�形体诸窍bodyandvariousorifices13�开窍(offivezang-organs)openinto14�精神情志mindsandemotions15�心藏神theheartstoringspirit16�肺藏魄thelungstoringcorporealsoul17�肝藏魂theliverstoringetherealsoul18�脾藏意thespleenstoringthought19�肾藏志thekidneystoringwill20�其华在面thelustermanifestingupontheface1.藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化及其相互关系的学说。Thetheoryofvisceralmanifestationstudiesthephysiologicalfunctionsandpathologicalchangesofvisceraandtheirrelations.2.藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占有极其重要的地位。ThetheoryofvisceralmanifestationholdsaveryimportantpositioninthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.3.五脏的共同生理(特点)功能是化生和贮藏精气。Thecommonphysiologicalfunctionofthefivezang-organsistoproduceandstoreessentialqi.4.六腑的共同生理(特点)功能是受盛和传化水谷。Thecommonphysiologicalfunctionofthesixfu-organsistoreceive,transportand transformwaterandfood.5�脏病多虚�腑病多实。Diseasesofthezang-organsareoftenofdeficiencyinnaturewhilediseasesofthefu-organsarefrequentlyofexcessinnature6.脏实者可泻其腑�腑虚者可补其脏。Excesstypeofazang-organ’sdisorderscanbetreatedbypurgingitscorrespondingfu-organwhiledeficiencytypeofafu-organ’sdisorderscanbetreatedbyreinforcingitscorrespondingzang-organ.7.皮肤受凉而感冒�会出现鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽等症状。Commoncoldduetoinvasionofcoldintotheskinisoftencharacterizedbysymptomsofstuffynose,runningnoseandcough.8.肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用。Theessence-qiinthekidneyishelpfulforpromotingthegrowthofskeleton.9.心与小肠相表里。Theheartandthesmallintestineareinternal-externallyrelated(toeachother).10�五脏与形体诸窍联结成一个整体。Thefivezang-organs,thebodyandalltheorificesformanorganicwhole.11�脾开窍于口�其华在唇四白。Thespleenopensintothemouthanditslusterismanifestedoverthelips.12.五脏的生理活动与精神情志密切相关。Thephysiologicalfunctionsofthefivezang-organsarecloselyassociatedwiththemindsandemotions.13�五脏的生理活动统率全身的生理功能。Thephysiologicalfunctionsofthefivezang-organscommanderthephysiologicalfunctionsofthewholebody.14�五脏生理功能之间的平衡协调是维持机体内在环境相对恒定的重要环节。Thecoordinationofthefivezang-organsinfunctionisthekeytokeeptherelativestabilityoftheinternalenvironmentofthebody.15�五脏与形体诸窍的联系维系着体内外环境之间的相对平衡协调。Thenormalrelationshipbetweenthefivezang-organsandthebodyandalltheorificesmaintainstherelativebalancebetweentheinternalandexternalenvironmentsofthebody.16�精神情志和思维意识活动的失常也会影响五脏的生理功能。Disordersofminds,emotionsandconsciousactivityaffectthephysiologicalfunctionsofthefivezang-organs.17�藏象学说的形成有一定的古代解剖知识为基础。Theformationofthedoctrineofvisceralmanifestationwas,toacertainextent,basedontheknowledgeofancientanatomy.18�“有诸内�必形诸外”。Thestateoftheinternalorgansmustbemanifestedexternally.19�藏象学说对脏腑的认识大大超越了人体解剖学的脏腑范围。Theknowledgeabouttheviscerainthedoctrineofvisceralmanifestationhasexceededthescopeofthatinmodernanatomy. 20�藏象学说中的脏腑不单纯是一个解剖学概念�而是概括了人体某一系统的生理和病理学概念。Theviscerainthedoctrineofvisceralmanifestationsarenotsimplyanatomicconcepts,buttheconceptsthatareusedtogeneralizethephysiologicalfunctionsandpathologicalchangesofasystemofthebody.Lesson61�心主血脉theheartgoverningbloodandvessels2�心气充沛sufficiencyofheartqi3�面色红润rosycomplexion4�血液充盈sufficiencyofblood5�脉道不利unsmoothvessels6�面色无华lusterlesscomplexion7�脉象细弱thinandweakpulse8�心藏神theheartstoringspirit9�汗血同源sweatandbloodsharingthesameorigin10�升降出入ascending,descending,goingoutandcomingin11�宣发肃降dispersion,purificationanddescent12�通调水道regulatingwaterpassage13�脾主运化thespleengoverningtransportationandtransformation14�水谷精微essenceoffoodstuff15�水液停滞accumulationofwater16�后天之本originofacquiredconstitution17�调畅气机regulatingqiflow/movement18�肝气上逆upwardhyper-flowofliverqi19�先天之精innateessence20�肾主纳气thekidneyreceivingqi1.心脏的主要生理功能是主血脉和主神志。Themainphysiologicalfunctionoftheheartistocontrolbloodandvessels,andgovernthespirit.2�脉是血液运行的通道。Thevesselsarethepassagesinwhichbloodflows.3�血液的正常运行必须以心气充沛�血液充盈和脉道通利为其基本的前提条件。Sufficientheartqi,abundantbloodandsmoothvesselsareessentialprerequisitetonormalcirculationofblood.4�若心有病变�可以从舌上反映出来。Pathologicalchangesoftheheartcanbeobservedfromthetongue.5�肺的呼吸功能健全与否�直接影响着宗气的生成。Therespiratoryfunctionofthelungdirectlyinfluencestheproductionofpectoralqi.6�肺失于宣散�即可出现呼气不利、胸闷、咳喘等病理现象。Failureofthelungqitodisperseinevitablyleadstopathologicalchangesofdyspnea,chestoppression,coughandpanting. 7�如果肺的通调水道功能减退�就可发生水液停聚而生痰、成饮。Hypofunctionofthelunginregulatingwaterpassagewillleadtoproductionofphlegmandretainedfluidduetostagnationofwater.8�肺的病变多见于鼻、喉的证候。Thepathologicalchangesofthelungaremainlymanifestedinthenoseandthroat.9�运化水谷即是对饮食物的消化和吸收。Transportationandtransformationofwaterandfoodsignifiestodigestandabsorbfoodstuff.10�脾失健运即脾运化水谷精微的功能减退。Failureofthespleentotransportsoundlyreferstohypofunctionofthespleenintransportingandtransformingtheessenceoffoodstuff.11�脾为后天之本�气血生化之源。Thespleenistheoriginofacquiredconstitutionandthesourceofqiandbloodproduction.12�百病皆由脾胃衰而生也。Alldiseasesarecausedbyweaknessofthespleenandstomach.13�肝的主要生理功能是主疏泄和主藏血。Themainphysiologicalfunctionsoftheliveraretocontrolfreeflowofqiandstoreblood.14�气机的郁结会导致血行及津液的输布代谢的障碍。Stagnationofqiflowwillaffectbloodcirculationaswellasdistributionandmetabolismofbodyfluid.15�肝血不足或肝不藏血时即可引起月经量少�甚则经闭。Shortageofliverbloodorfailureofthelivertostorebloodwillcausescantymenstruationorevenamenorrhea.16�肢体运动的能量来源全赖于肝的藏血充足和调节血量的作用。Thenecessaryenergyforthelimbstomovedependsuponsufficientbloodstoredintheliverandnormalfunctionoftheliverinregulatingblood.17�肾主生长、发育与生殖。Thekidneygovernsgrowth,developmentandreproduction.18�肾所藏的精气包括“先天之精”和“后天之精”。Theessencestoredinthekidneyincludesinnateessenceandacquiredessence.19�肾的纳气功能正常则呼吸均匀和调。Whenthekidneyfunctionsnormallytoreceiveqi,breathwillbesmoothandeven.20�尿液的排泄虽在膀胱�但须依赖肾的气化才能完成。Theurinedischargeisuptothebladder,butitmustdependuponqitransformationofthekidney.Lesson71.奇恒之腑extraordinaryfu-organs2�“孤腑”solitaryfu-organ3�腐熟水谷preliminarilydigestingfoodstuff4�魄门corporealsoulportal(anus)5�肝之余气surplusliverqi 6�上焦upperenergizer7�泌别清浊separatingthelucidfromtheturbid8�食物残渣residueoffoodstuff9�大肠主津Thelargeintestinegovernsliquid10�精汁essentialjuice(bile)11�小肠主液Thesmallintestinegovernsthickfluid12�初步消化primarydigestion13�精气essentialqi14�七冲门thesevenimportantportals15�胆主决断Thegallbladderisresponsibleformakingdecisionandjudgment16�排泄糟粕dischargingwaste17�月经来潮occurrenceofmenstruation18�吸门inhalingportal(epiglottis)19�形态中空morphologicalhollowness20�传化水谷transportingandtransformingfoodstuff1.胆排泄胆汁于小肠以助消化食物。Thegallbladderexcretesbileintothesmallintestinetohelpdigestionoffood2.胆的主要生理功能是贮存和排泄胆汁。Themainphysiologicalfunctionofthegallbladderistostoreandexcretebile.3.胆汁由肝之精气所化生。Bileistransformedfromtheessentialqioftheliver.4.胃的生理功能是受纳与腐熟水谷。Thephysiologicalfunctionofthestomachistoreceiveanddecomposefoodstuff.5.容纳于胃中的水谷经过胃的腐熟后�下传于小肠�其精微经脾的运化而营养全身。Afterprimarydigestion,thefoodstuffinthestomachistransmitteddowntothesmallintestine.Itsessenceisthentransportedandtransformedtonourishthewholebodybythespleen.6.饮食物经过小肠的进一步消化后分别为水谷精微和食物残渣两个部分。Foodstuffisdividedintoessenceandresidueafterfurtherdigestionbythesmallintestine.7.小肠在吸收水谷精微的同时�也吸收了大量的水液。Thesmallintestinealsoabsorbsalargequantityofwaterasitisabsorbingessencefromthechyme.8�“清”指的是水谷精微�“浊”指的是食物残渣。Theso-called“lucid”referstothenutrientsoffoodstuffwhiletheso-called“turbid”referstotheresidueoffoodstuff.9.小肠的泌别清浊功能正常�则二便正常。Ifthesmallintestinefunctionswelltoseparatethelucidfromtheturbid,thedefecationandurinationwillbenormal.10.大肠接受经过小肠泌别清浊后所剩下的食物残渣�再吸收其中多余的水液�形成粪便�经肛门而排除体外。Thelargeintestinereceivesthewastepartoffoodstufftransmitteddownfromthesmallintestine,absorbspartofthewaterfromthewasteandtransformstherest partintofecestobedischargedfromtheanus.11�膀胱储存和排泄尿液是在肾的气化作用下完成的。Thebladderstoresanddischargesurine�whichtakesplaceunderthefunctionofqitransformationofthekidney.12�胃与脾相表里。Thestomachandthespleenareinternallyandexternallyrelated.13�“上焦如雾”。Theupperenergizerfunctionsasasprayer.14�“中焦如沤”。Themiddleenergizerfunctionsasafermentor.15�“下焦如渎”。Thelowerenergizerfunctionsasadrainer.16�奇恒之府形态类似于腑�功能类似于脏。Theextraordinaryfu-organsaremorphologicallysimilartothefu-organsandfunctionallysimilartothezang-organs.17�六腑的共同生理功能是传化水谷�排泄糟粕。Thecommonfunctionofthesixfu-organsistotransportandtransformwaterandfoodanddischargewaste.18�人之灵机与记性皆在脑中。Theintelligenceandmemoryofmancomesfromthefunctionofthebrain.19�“脑为元神之府”。Thebrainisthehouseoforiginalspirit.20�女子胞是发生月经和孕育胎儿的器官。Theuterusistheorganwheremenstruationtakesplaceandembryoandfetusgrowsanddevelops.Lesson81�先天禀赋innateness2�精微物质essence;refinedsubstance3�血液循行bloodcirculation4�水液代谢watermetabolism5�气的运动形式stylesofqimovement6�气的升降出入运动ascending,descending,exitingandenteringofqi7�气机调畅smoothnessofqimovement8�生命的原动力primarypoweroflife9�温养脏腑warmingandnourishingtheviscera10�脏腑经络之气qiofthevisceraandmeridians/visceralandmeridionalqi11.气机qimovement12.气化qitransformation13.先天之气innateqi14.后天之气acquiredqi15.正气healthyqi16.邪气pathogenicfactors17.元气primordialqi 18�宗气pectoralqi19�营气nutritiveqi20�卫气defensiveqi1.气是构成人体的最基本物质。Qiisthemostessentialsubstancetoconstitutethebody.2.人体的气来源于禀受于父母的先天之精、饮食物中的营养物质和存在于自然界的清气。Qiinthebodyisderivedfrominnateessenceinheritingfromtheparents,andacquiredessencecomingfrombothfoodnutrientsandfreshair.3.先天之精依赖于肾藏精气的生理功能才能充分发挥其生理效应。Theinnateessencedependsupontheessentialqistoredinthekidneytoplayitsphysiologicaleffects.4.水谷精气依赖于脾胃的运化功能才能从饮食物中摄取而化生。Thefoodstuffessenceistransformedandabsorbedthroughthefunctionofthespleenandstomachintransportationandtransformation.5.气是活力很强的精微物质。Qiisasortofrefinedsubstancewithpowerfulactivity.6.人体的体温是依靠气的温煦作用来维持恒定。BodytemperatureismaintainedbythewarmingfunctionofQi.7.气的防御作用主要体现于护卫全身的肌表和防御外邪的入侵。Intermsofitsdefensivefunction,qimainlyprotectsthesurfaceofwholebodyandpreventsexogenouspathogenicfactorsfrominvadingthebody.8.气对血、津液等液态物质具有防止其无故流失的作用。Qipreventsbloodandbodyfluidfromunduelosing.9.气不摄血可导致各种出血。Failureofqitocontrolbloodmayleadtovariouskindsofbleeding.10�气化指通过气的运动而产生的各种变化。Qitransformationreferstovariouschangescausedbyqimovement.11�气流行于全身而推动和激发人体的各种生理功能。Qiflowsallthroughthebodytopromoteandstimulatevariousphysiologicalfunctionsofthebody.12�人体的脏腑、经络等组织器官都是气的升降出入场所。Theorgansandtissueslikevisceraandmeridiansarealltheplaceswhereqiascendsanddescendsaswellasexitsandenters.13�气的升降出入运动一旦停止�也就意味着生命活动的终止和死亡。Onceqistopsascending,descending,exitingandentering,itwillleadtoanendoflifeactivities.14�元气是人体最基本、最重要的气�是人体生命活动的原动力。Theprimordialqi,asthemostessentialandimportantqi,istheprimarypoweroflife.15�先天禀赋不足或后天失调�或久病损耗都会形成元气虚衰而产生种种病变。Innateshortageoracquireddisturbanceorprolongedillnesswillleadtodeclineoftheprimordialqiandthuscausevariousdiseases. 16�宗气是积于胸中之气�具有推动心脏的搏动、调节心率和心律的功能。Thepectoralqiisakindofqiaccumulatinginthethorax,functioningtoenhanceheartbeatandregulateheartrateandcardiacrhythm.17�营气主要来自脾胃运化的水谷精气�由水谷精微中的精华部分所化生。Thenutritiveqicomesfromtheessentialqifromwaterandfoodtransformedandtransportedbythespleenandstomach,beingproducedfromrefinedpartofthefoodstuffessence.18�营气分布于血脉中�成为血液的组成部分而营运全身。Thenutritiveqiisdistributedinthebloodvesselsandflowstothewholebodyasacomponentofblood.19�卫气运行于脉外�活动力特别强�流动很迅速。Thedefensiveqiflowsoutsidethebloodvesselsandisveryvigorousandspeedy.20�营主内守而属阴�卫主外卫而属阳。Thenutritiveqipertainstoyinwithitsnourishmenttotheinteriorofthebodywhilethedefensiveqipertainstoyangwithitsprotectionofthebodysurface.Lesson91�气生血qigeneratingblood2�气行血qipropellingblood3�气摄血qicontrollingblood4�血载气bloodcarryingqi5�血生气bloodgeneratingqi6�气生津液qigeneratingbodyfluid7�气行津液qipromotingtheflowofbodyfluid8�气摄津液qicontrollingbodyfluid9�津液载气bodyfluidcarryingqi10�津液生气bodyfluidgeneratingqi11�津血同源bodyfluidandbloodsharingthesameorigin12�气随液脱qifollowingbodyfluidtoexhaust13.气随血脱qifollowingbloodtoexhaust14�气随津泄qifollowingbodyfluidtolose15�气行则血行�气滞则血瘀Bloodflowsasqidoes,andbloodstagnatesasqidoes,too.16�气为血帅�血为气母Qiservesascommanderofbloodandblooddoesasmotherofqi.17�气行则水行�气滞则水滞Waterflowsasqidoesandwaterstagnatesasqidoes,too18�益气固脱nourishingqitostopcollapse19�亡血家不可发汗Diaphoresisshouldbenotbeusedforpatientssufferingfromheavyhemorrhage.20�夺血者无汗Nodiaphoresisshouldbegiventopatientswithprofuse 1.气血津液都是维持人体生命活动的基本物质。Qi,bloodandbodyfluidarethebasicsubstancesformaintaininghumanlifeactivities.2.由于气性动而属阳�血性静而属阴�所以气与血的关系可以从阴阳的相互关系来认识。Sinceqipertainstoyangwithitsdynamicpropertyandbloodpertainstoyinwithitsstaticproperty,therelationshipbetweenqiandthebloodcanbeunderstoodinthelightofyinandyang3.血液的化生过程依赖多个脏腑的气化作用。Theproductionofblooddependsontheqitransformationofseveralviscera.4.气摄血是指通过气的摄纳、统管等作用�使血液不致逸出脉外。Thatqicontrolsbloodmeansqiholdsandrestrainsblood,protectingitfromextravasationoutofthevessels.5.血与津液在生理上具有非常密切的相互依存、相互转化的关系�在病理上也常相互影响。Thebloodandbodyfluidhaveaverycloserelationshipdependingonandtransformingintoeachotherphysiologically,andtheyofteninfluenceeachotherpathologically.6.血与津液均为液态物质�都有营养和滋润作用�与气相对而言�两者都属阴。Boththebloodandbodyfluidareliquidsubstance,functioningtonourishandmoisten.Theypertaintoyinascomparedwithqi.7.在生成津液的过程中�脾胃之气起着决定性的作用。Thespleenandstomachplayanimportantroleintheproductionofbodyfluid.8.血液是由津液和营气两部分所组成�故津液在脉内是血液的重要组成部分。Thebloodiscomposedofbodyfluidandnutritiveqi,andthusthebodyfluidisanimportantcomponentofblood.9.在气的推动和气化作用下�津液的代谢表现为开和合两种方式。Themetabolismofbodyfluidischaracterizedbytwowaysofopeningandclosingunderthepromotionandtransformationofqi.10.人体排泄水液的途径主要是尿与汗。Thehumanbodydischargeswatermainlythroughurinationandperspiration.11.津液能化生气�与血生气的机理是基本一致的。Thebodyfluidtransformsintoqi,themechanismofwhichisthesameasthatofthebloodingeneratingqi.12.在病理情况下�津液大量耗损�脉内的津液过多地渗出脉外�会导致血脉空虚。Pathologicallyexcessiveconsumptionofbodyfluidcausesprofuseescapeofliquidoutofthevessels,andthuswillleadtoemptinessofthevessels.13.血虚之人�津液不充足�不宜发汗疗法�出汗多则津液耗损更加严重。Diaphoresiscannotbeusedforpatientswithblooddeficiencysincetheirbodyfluidisinsufficient,andprofusesweatingwillfurtherconsumebodyfluid.14.血与津液之间不但存在着相互依存相互转化的关系�而且它们的生成来源也相同�均是源于水谷精微。Thebloodandbodyfluidnotonlydependonandtransformintoeachother,butalsosharethesamesourceinproduction.Theyallcomefromtheessenceoffoodstuff.15.津液的代谢过程完全依赖于气的推动�气化作用。Metabolismofbodyfluiddependsoncompletelypromotionandtransformationofqi. 16.气的充足与否�气机是否调畅�都会影响津液的运行。Whetherqiissufficientandflowofqiissmoothcanbothinfluencethecirculationofbodyfluid.17.在临床治疗血虚的病人时�常常配合应用补气药以提高疗效。Clinicallyqi-reinforcingherbsareoftenusedasaccessorytotreatmentofpatientswithblooddeficiencyinordertoincreasetheeffect.18.津液的生成、输布和排泄都离不开肺、脾、肾、三焦、膀胱等脏腑的气化功能。Theproduction,distributionanddischargeofbodyfluiddependontheqitransformationofthelung,spleen,kidney,tri-Jiao,bladder,etc.19.如果气虚不能固摄津液�可导致尿与汗的异常排出�如小便多�小便失禁、遗尿、多汗等。Ifqifailstocontrolbodyfluidbecauseofdeficiency,itwillleadtoabnormaldischargeofurineandsweatwiththemanifestationsofprofuseurine,incontinenceofurine,enuresis,profusesweating,etc.20.气能生血、行血、摄血�故称“气为血之帅”。Qicanproduce,propel,andcontrolblood.Andthusitissaid“qiisthecommanderofblood”.Lesson101�经络学说meridiantheory2�经络系统meridiansystem3�运行全身气血transportingqiandbloodinthewholebody4�联络脏腑肢节toconnectthevisceraandlimbs5�循行路线runningroute6�十二正经twelveregularmeridians7�循行部位和交接顺序theregionsthroughoralongwhichthemeridiansrunandtheorderbywhichthemeridiansareconnectedwitheachother8�络属关系relationofacertainmeridiansubordinatingtoandconnectingwith9�奇经八脉eightextraordinarymeridians10�十二经别twelvemeridians’divergences11�别络divergentcollaterals12�十二皮部twelveskindivisions13�十二经筋twelvemusculaturezones14�经络之气meridianqi15�经络辨证meridiansyndromedifferentiation16�经络感传meridianconduction17�经络现象meridianphenomenon18�经络阻滞meridianblockage19�舒经活络soothingmeridiansandactivatingcollaterals20�刺络拔罐collateralprickingandcupping1�经络是运行全身气血的通道。Meridiansystemisthepathwaysforqiandbloodtocirculateinthewholebody. 2�经脉是经络系统的主干�大多循行于深部�而络脉是经脉的分支�循行于较浅的部位�有的络脉还显现于体表。Themeridians,whicharethemajortrunksinthemeridiansystem,mainlyruninthedeepregionsofthebody;whilethecollaterals,whicharethebranchesofthemeridians,runintheshallowregionsofthebodyorbeingvisibleonthesurfaceofthebody.3�十二经脉有一定的起止、一定的循行部位和交接顺序、在肢体的分布有一定的规律�同体内脏腑有直接的络属关系。Thetwelveregularmeridiansstartfromandendatcertainpoints,runthroughoralongcertainregions,followcertainorderstoconnectwitheachother,distributeinthebodywithgivenrulesanddirectlyconnectwithandsubordinatetotheviscera.4�奇经总共有八条�即督脉、任脉、冲脉、带脉、阴跷、阳跷、阴维、阳维。Theextraordinarymeridiansareofeight,namelythegovernorvessel,conceptionvessel,thoroughfarevessel,beltvessel,yinheelvessel,yangheelvessel,yinlinkvesselandyanglinkvessel.5�十二经别是从十二经脉别出的经脉�它们分别起自四肢�循行于体腔脏腑深部�上出于颈项浅部。Thetwelvemeridians’divergences,whichstemfromthetwelveregularmeridians,startfromthefourlimbs,rundeepinthevisceraandemergefromtheshallowregionoftheneck.6�阳经的经别从本经别出而循行体内后�仍回到本经�阴经的经别从本经别出而循行体内后�却与相表里的阳经相合。Thedivergencesoftheyangmeridiansstemfromthemeridiansproper,runinsidethebodyandfinallymergeintothemeridiansproper.Thedivergencesoftheyinmeridiansstemfromthemeridiansproper,runinsidethebodyandmergeintotheinternal-externallyrelatedyangmeridians.7�络脉可分为三类�即别络、浮络和孙络。Collateralscanbedividedintothreecategories,i.e.divergentcollaterals,superficialcollateralsandminutecollaterals.8�孙络是人体最细小的络脉�这就是为什么中医将其称为“孙络”。Theminutecollateralsarethesmallestcollaterals.ThatiswhytheyareliterallycalledinTCM.9�根据经络学说�经筋是是十二经脉之气“结、聚、散、络”于筋肉、关节的体系。Accordingtothemeridiantheory,musculaturezonesformasystemthroughwhichqiofthetwelvemeridians“retains,accumulates,dispersesandconnects”inthemusculatureandjoints.10�同样的�当脏腑发生病变时�也会通过经脉反映于体表。Similarlypathologicalchangesofthevisceracanmanifestinthesurfaceofthebodythroughmeridiansystem.11�《素问》说�“肝病者�两胁下痛�引少腹�„„肺病者�喘咳逆气肩背痛。”ThePlainConversationsays,“Liverdiseaseischaracterizedbyhypochondriacpaininvolvingthelowerabdomen„andlungdiseasebypanting,cough,adverseflowofqiandpainintheshouldersandback.” 12�一般来讲�肺经咳喘则兼肺胀、胸闷、缺盆中痛等�而肾经咳喘则往往心悬若饥、善恐等症相伴出现。Generallyspeaking,coughandasthmaduetodisorderofthelungmeridianareaccompaniedbylungdistension,chestoppressionandpaininthesuperclavicularfossa;whilecoughandasthmaduetodisorderofthekidneymeridianareoftenaccompaniedbythrobbingsensationintheheartlikebeinghungryandfrequentfear.13�经络学说是研究人体经络的生理功能、病理变化及其脏腑相互关系的学说。Themeridiantheoryistostudythephysiologicalfunctionsandpathologicalchangesofhumanmeridiansandtheirrelationshipswiththeviscera.14�十二经别的作用主要是加强十二经脉中相为表里的两经之间的联系。Thetwelvemeridians’divergencesfunctionmainlytostrengthentherelationshipbetweenthetwointernal-externallyrelatedmeridians.15�全身的皮肤是十二经脉的功能活动反映于体表的部位。Theskinofthewholebodyistheregionwherethefunctionalactivitiesofthetwelvemeridiansarepresented.16�由于手三阳经与足三阳经在头部交接�所以说“头为诸阳之会”。Thethreeyangmeridiansofhandandthethreeyangmeridiansoffootareconnectedwitheachotherinit,so“theheadistheplacewhereallkindsofyangmeet”.17�在治疗上�相为表里的两条经脉的腧穴可交叉使用。Therapeutically,theacupointslocatedinthetwointernal-externallyrelatedmeridianscanbeusedalternately.18�经脉中的气血运行是循环贯注的�如环无端。Qiandbloodinthemeridianscirculateincycles,withoutanend.19�在发生病变时�经络就成为传递病邪和反映病变的途径。Themeridiansystemwillbecomethepathwaysthoughtwhichpathogenicfactorstransmitandpathologicalchangespresentasadisorderoccurs.20�临床上将疾病症状出现的部位�结合经络循行的部位和所联系的脏腑�作为疾病诊断的依据。Clinically,theplaceswheresymptomsmanifestandthroughoralongwhichameridianrunsanditsassociatingvisceraaretakenastheevidencesfordiagnosingdiseases.Lesson111.外感六淫sixexogenouspathogenicfactors2.饮食劳倦improperdietandoverstrain3.风寒感冒commoncoldduetowind-cold4.湿热泻泄diarrheaduetodamp-heat/damp-heatdiarrhea5.内生五邪fiveendogenouspathologicalchanges6.风邪外袭pathogenicwindattackingtheexterior7.游走性关节疼痛migratoryarthralgia/jointpain8.风为百病之长windbeingtheleadingpathogenicfactortocausediseases9.感受寒邪attack/invasionbypathogeniccold10.阳气衰退declineofyangqi11.寒性凝滞coldbeingcharacterizedbycoagulationandstagnation12.腠理闭塞blockageofinterstitialspace 13.经脉拘急收引spasmandcontractionofmeridians14.湿邪困脾encumberingofthespleenbypathogenicdampness15.脾阳不振inactivationofspleen-yang16.阴虚生内热productionofendogenousheatduetoyindeficiency17.热极生风extremeheatproducingwind18.七情内伤internalimpairmentduetosevenemotions19.饮食不节immoderatediet20.暴饮暴食engorgement1.破坏人体相对平衡状态而引起疾病的原因就是病因。Thecauseofdiseasereferstothefactorsthatdamagetherelativebalanceofthebodyandresultindisease.2.六淫是风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的统称。Thesixpathogenicfactorsareacollectivetermforsixexogenouspathogensofwind,cold,summer-heat,dampness,dryness,andfire.3.风邪外袭多自皮毛肌肉而入�从而产生外风病症。Pathogenicwindinvadesthebodyoftenthroughtheskin,hairandmuscles,producingsymptomsofexogenouswind.4.由风邪引起的外感疾病一般多发病急�传变快。Theexogenousdiseasescausedbypathogenicwindarecharacterizedgenerallybysuddenonsetandrapidtransmission.5.寒邪伤于肌表�郁遏卫阳�称为“伤寒”。Pathogeniccoldattacksthebodysurfaceandthusrestrainsthedefensive-yang,whichiscalled“colddamage”.6.内寒则是机体阳气不足�失却温煦的病理反映。Endogenouscoldisapathologicalreflectionoffailureofinsufficientyangqitowarmthebody.7.暑邪伤人多出现一系列阳热症状�如壮热、心烦、面赤、脉洪大等。Theattackofpathogenicsummer-heatonthebodyusuallyleadstoaseriesofyangheatsymptoms,suchashighfever,dysphoria,flushedcheeksandfullpulse.8.暑邪为病常兼挟湿邪侵袭人体。Pathogenicsummer-heatinvadesthebodyusuallyassociatingwithpathogenicdampness.9.外湿多由气候潮湿�或涉水淋雨�居处潮湿等外在湿邪侵袭人体所致。Exogenousdampnessisprimarilycausedbysuchexternalpathogenicdampfactorsashumidclimate,drenchingorwadingandwetconditionwhereonelives.10.内湿则是由于脾失健运�水湿停聚所形成的病理状态。Endogenousdampnessisamorbidstateofretentionofwater-wetnessresultingfromdysfunctionofthespleentotransport11.外感燥邪最易耗伤人体的津液�造成阴津亏虚的病变。Attackofexogenousdrynessonthebodytendstoconsumebodyfluidandleadstodeficiencyofyin-fluid. 12.燥邪伤人多从口鼻而入�故最易损伤肺津。Pathogenicdrynesscommonlyinvadesthebodythroughthemouthandnose,soitismostliabletodamagelungfluid.13.火热之邪最易迫津外泄�耗伤人体阴液。Pathogenicfire-heatismostlikelytoforcethebodyfluidtogooutandthusconsumeyin-fluid.14.疠气是一类具有强烈传染性的病邪�具有发病急骤、病情较重、传染性强、易于流行等特点。Pestilentpathogensareakindofhighlyinfectiouspathogens,whicharecharacterizedbysuddenonset,severecondition,fulminatinginfectivityandstrongepidemicity.15.七情内伤直接影响相应的内脏�使脏腑气机逆乱�气血失调�导致种种疾病的发生。Thesevenabnormalemotionsoftendirectlyimpairtheirrelatedinternalorgans,leadingtodisorderofvisceralqi,disharmonybetweenqiandblood,andconsequentlybringingondiseases.16.饮食不节主要是损伤脾胃�导致脾胃功能失常。Immoderatedietmainlyimpairsthespleenandstomach,leadingtodysfunctionofthem.17.劳力过度则伤气�久之则气少力衰�神疲消瘦。Physicaloverstrainwillimpairqi,andeventuallyleadtoshortageofqiwithfatigue,lassitudeandemaciation.18.痰和饮都是水液代谢障碍所形成的病理产物。Phlegmandstagnantfluidarebothpathologicalsubstancescausedbyretentionofwater.19.瘀血的病症特点因瘀阻的部位和形成瘀血的原因不同而异。Thefeaturesofdiseasescausedbystagnantbloodvaryaccordingtothelocationandcauseofthestagnantblood.20.瘀血所致的疼痛多为刺痛�痛处固定不移�拒按�夜间痛甚。Paincausedbystagnantbloodisusuallystabbing,fixedinlocation,aggravatedbypressureandworsenatnight.Lesson121.疾病的发生、发展与变化occurrence,development,andchangeofdisease2.体质强弱(body)constitutionalstate3.气血功能紊乱dysfunctionofqiandblood4.多种多样的病理变化variouspathologicalchanges5.邪正盛衰ebbandflowofpathogenicfactorsandhealthyqi/strengthcontrastbetweenpathogenicfactorsandhealthyqi6.病症的虚实变化deficiencyorexcesschangesofdisease7.人体的抗病能力thehumanbody’resistanceagainstdiseases8.五心烦热feverishsensationinthefivecenters(palms,soles,andchest)9.虚实夹杂coexistenceofdeficiencyandexcess10.疾病转归prognosisofdisease/outcomeofdisease11.阴阳偏盛relativepredominanceofyinoryang 12.五志过极extremechangesoffiveemotions13.精气夺则虚depletionofessencecausingdeficiency14.阴阳互损mutualinvolvementofyinandyang15.真热假寒或假寒真热trueheatcomplicatedbyfalsecold;falsecoldcomplicatedbytrueheat16.气机郁滞不畅stagnationofqiflow17.津液代谢失常disorderofbodyfluidmetabolism18.寒从中生endogenouscold/coldoriginatingfromtheinterior19.津伤化燥fluidconsumptionproducingdryness20.风气内动stirringofendogenouswind/disturbanceofendogenouswind1.许多疾病的过程也就是邪正斗争及其盛衰变化的过程。Thecourseofmanydiseasesisaprocessofcombatbetweenpathogenicfactorsandhealthyqiaswellastheebbandflowoftheirstrengths.2.邪气盛则实�精气夺则虚。Predominanceofpathogenicfactorsleadstoexcesswhiledepletionofessenceresultsindeficiency.3.正胜邪退�疾病趋向好转和痊愈。Whenhealthyqitriumphsoverpathogenicfactors,itwillleadtoimprovementoforrecoveryfromanillness.4.阳虚是指机体阳气虚损�机能减退或衰弱�热量不足的病理状态。Yangdeficiencyreferstoamorbidstateinwhichthebody’sfunctiondecreasesordeclinesandtheheatenergyisshortbecauseofinsufficiencyofYangQi.5.阴虚是指机体精、血、津液等物质亏耗等导致阳相对亢盛的病理状态Yindeficiencyreferstoamorbidstateofrelativehyperactivityofyangduetoshortageofmaterialsinthebodylikeessence,bloodandbodyfluid.6.阴阳亡失指机体的阴液或阳气突然大量地亡失�导致生命垂危的一种病理状态。Depletionofyinoryangreferstoacriticallypathologicalstateresultingfromsudden,profuselossofyin-fluidoryang-qi.7.气的失常包括气的生化不足或耗散太过而致气的不足�气的某些功能减退以及气的运动失常等。Thedisordersofqiincludeinsufficientproductionofqi,excessiveconsumptionofqi,hypofunctionofqiandabnormalmovementsofqi.8.气滞于某一局部可以出现胀满、疼痛�甚至引起血瘀、水停�形成瘀血、痰饮等病理产物。Thestagnationofqiinalocalregionmayleadtosuchsymptomsasdistension,pain,orevenbloodstasisandretentionofwaterwithdevelopmentofstagnantbloodandphlegm-stagnant-fluid.9.气逆指气机升降失常�脏腑之气逆上的病理状态。Qiadversenessreferstoamorbidstateofadverselyupwardflowofvisceralqiduetoabnormalascendinganddescendingofqi.10.血虚是指血液不足或血的濡养功能减退的病理变化。Blooddeficiencyreferstoamorbidstateofbloodinsufficiencyorhypofunctionofbloodtonourish. 11.血瘀指血液的循行迟缓和不流畅的病理变化。Bloodstasisreferstoamorbidstateofslowandunsmoothflowofblood.12.血热指血分有热�血行加速的病理状态。Bloodheatreferstoamorbidstateofaccelerationofbloodflowduetoheatinthebloodphase.13.气滞血瘀是由于气的运行不畅而导致的血运障碍。Bloodstasiswithqistagnationmeansthatunsmoothflowofqileadstodisturbanceofbloodcirculation.14.津伤乃伤阴脱液之渐�脱液乃津液干涸之甚。Impairmentofthin-fluidoftendevelopstodepletionofthick-fluid,andlatterisaseriousconditionofinsufficientthin-fluid.15.津停气滞指津液代谢障碍�水湿痰饮潴留而导致气机阻滞的病理状态。Qistagnationwithfluidretentionreferstoamorbidstateofobstructionofqimovementcausedbydisturbanceoffluidmetabolismandretentionofwater,dampness,phlegmandfluid.16.风气内动是体内阳气亢逆变动而形成的一种病理状态。Stirringupofendogenouswindreferstoamorbidstateduetohyperactivityandturmoilofyangqiwithinthebody.17.内生之湿多因脾虚�故又称为脾虚生湿。Endogenousdampnessismostlycausedbydeficiencyofthespleen,soitisalsocalled“productionofdampnessduetospleendeficiency”.18.内燥病变可发生于各脏腑组织�以肺、胃及大肠为多见。Endogenousdrynesscanbemanifestedinanyorgansortissues,especiallyinthelung,stomachandlargeintestine.19.肺脏阴虚津亏久延不复常可损及于肾�而导致肺肾阴虚。Theprolongeddeficiencyofyin-fluidofthelungofteninvolvesthekidneyandthusresultsinyindeficiencyofboththelungandthekidney.20.膀胱不利为癃�不约为遗尿。Theobstructionoftheurinarybladderiscalled“anuresis”andtheincontinenceofurineiscalled“enuresis”.Lesson131�神色形态spirit,complexion,figureandbehavior2�精神活动mentalactivities3�精充气足sufficientessenceandabundantqi4�表情淡漠indifferent/apatheticfacialexpressions5�主色与客色normalcomplexionandnormally-variedcomplexion6�四肢抽搐spasmofthelimbs7�湿热动风stirringofwindduetodamp-heat8�邪毒内陷inwardsinkingofpathogenictoxin9�肌肤甲错squamousanddryskin10�饥不欲食hungerwithoutappetite11�四诊合参combineduseofthefourdiagnosticmethods12�面部表情facialexpressions 13�预后良好favorableprognosis14�精神不振dispiritedness15�五色主病diagnosticsignificanceoffivecolors/diseasesindicatedbyfivecolors/fivecolorsindicatingdiseases16�口眼歪斜facialdistortion17�虚火上炎flamingofdeficiencyfire18�大肠热结retentionofheatinthelargeintestine19�光剥舌uncoatedtongue/mirror-liketongue20�脉象pulsecondition1.望诊指医生运用视觉观察病人全身和局部的神色形态的变化Inspectionisadiagnosticmethodofobservinggeneralorlocalchangesofspirit,complexion,physicalbuild,postureandmovement.2.闻诊指凭听觉和嗅觉以辨别病人的声音和气味的变化。Thelistening-smellingmethodreferstoandiagnosingapproachbylisteningtothevoicesofthepatientsandsmellingtheodorsfromthepatients.3.问诊指仔细询问病人或陪诊者以了解疾病发生、发展的过程、现在症状及其与疾病有关的情况。Inquiryisadiagnosticmethodusedtounderstandtheoccurrence,development,presentsubjectivesymptomsandotherthingsconcerningthediseasesbyaskingthepatientorhis/hercompanion.4.切诊指切按病人脉搏和按抚病人的脘腹、手足及其它部位。Pulse-takingandpalpitationrefertothediagnosticmethodoffeelingthepulseandpalpatingthestomachandabdomen,footandhandaswellasotherregionsofthepatients.5.局部病变可以影响及全身、内脏的病变�可以从各个方面反映出来。Localpathologicalchangesmayinvolvethewholebodyandtheviscera,whichcanbemanifestedinvariousaspects.6.四诊的方法是在长期的医疗实践中逐步形成和发展起来的。Thefourdiagnosticmethodsweredevelopedgraduallyinthelong-termmedicalpractice.7.得神是精充气足神旺的表现。“Withspirit”isamanifestationofsufficientessence,abundantqi,andfullvitality.8.失神是精损气亏神衰的表现。Losingvitalityisamanifestationofimpairedessence,deficientqi,anddispiritedness.9..假神是垂危病人出现精神暂时好转的假象。“Falsevitality”isafalsemanifestationoftemporaryvitalityduringthecriticalstageofadisease.10.常色指人在正常生理状态时的面部色泽。Normalcomplexionreferstothefacialcolorsunderphysiologicalconditions. 11.青色主寒证、痛证、瘀血和惊风。Bluishcolorindicatescoldsyndrome,painsyndrome,bloodstasisandinfantileconvulsion.12.望形态可以预知脏腑气血的盛衰�阴阳邪正的消长�以及病势的顺逆和邪气之所在。Inspectionofphysicalbuild,postureandmovementcanprovideinformationaboutthestateofvisceralqiandblood,strengthcontrastbetweenyinandyangorpathogensandhealthyqi,aswellasprognosisandlocationofthepathogens.13.呕吐是胃气上逆所致。Vomitingiscausedbyadverserisingofstomachqi.14.胖大舌多因水湿痰饮阻滞所致。Bulgytongueisusuallycausedbyretentionofwater,dampness,phlegmandstagnantfluid.15.光面舌主要是由于胃阴枯竭、胃气大伤所致。Mirror-liketongueisprimarilycausedbydepletionofstomachyinandimpairmentofstomachqi.16.黄苔一般主里证、热证�由热邪熏灼所致。Yellowtonguecoatingiscausedbyfumigationofpathogenicheatandusuallyindicatesinteriorandheatsyndromes.17.腻苔多是湿浊内蕴�阳气被遏所致�主痰饮、湿浊、食积、湿热、顽痰等。Greasytonguecoatingisusuallycausedbyinterioraccumulationofdamp-turbiditycheckingyangqi.Itmainlyindicatesretentionofphlegm,stagnant-fluid,damp-turbidity,foodretention,damp-heatandobstinatephlegm,etc.18.切诊包括脉诊和按诊两个部分。Qiezhenincludespulse-takingandpalpation.19.疾病反映于脉象的变化叫做病脉。Thevariationofpulsethatreflectsthestateofadiseaseisknownasmorbidpulse.20.在临床应用中�只有四诊合参才能得到正确的诊断。Clinically,onlycombineduseofthefourdiagnosticmethodscanenableonetoperformthecorrectdiagnosis.Lesson151.辨证论治treatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation2�表里同病diseaseinvolvingbothexteriorandinterior/co-existenceofexteriorandinteriordisorders3�寒热错杂co-existenceofcoldandheat/mixtureofcoldandheat4�里邪出表interiorpathogensgoingouttotheexterior5�真寒假热truecoldwithfalseheat6�恶寒与恶热aversiontocoldandaversiontoheat7�口淡不渴tastelessinthemouthwithoutthirst8�寒邪郁而化热transformationofstagnatedpathogeniccoldintoheat9�外感表虚exogenousexterior-deficiencysyndrome10�五心烦热dysphoriawithfeverishsensationoverthefivecenters11�病位与病性locationandnatureofdisease12�虚实夹杂mixtureofdeficiencyandexcess/co-existenceofdeficiencyandexcess 13�表邪入里invasionofexteriorpathogensintotheinterior14�寒证化热coldsyndrometransformingintoheatone15�真热假寒trueheatwithfalsecold16�热证转寒transformationofheatsyndromeintocoldone17�舌淡苔白而润滑paletonguewithwhite,moistandslipperycoating18�脉数无力rapidandweakpulse19�潮热盗汗tidalfeverandnightsweating20�神昏谵语comawithdelirium1�疾病的表现尽管极其复杂�但基本上都可用八纲加以归纳。Themanifestationsofadisease,thoughcomplicated,canbegeneralizedintoacertainpatterninthelightoftheeightprinciples.2�运用八纲辨证就能将错综复杂的临床表现归纳为表里、寒热、虚实、阴阳四对纲领性证候。Thecomplicatedclinicalmanifestationscanbebytheeightprinciplesgeneralizedintofourpairsofpatterns:exteriorandinterior,coldandheat,deficiencyandexcess,yinandyang.3�表里是辨别疾病病位内外和病势深浅的两个纲领。Theexteriorandinterioraretwoprinciplesusedtodifferentiatethelocationandseverityofdisease.4�表证病浅而轻�里证病深而重。Exteriorsyndromeindicatesthatthediseaseisshallowinlocationandmildincondition,whileinteriorsyndromeshowsthatthediseaseisdeepinlocationandsevereincondition.5�表邪入里为病进�里邪出表为病退。Interiorinvasionofexogenouspathogensindicatesdeteriorationofadiseasewhilegoingouttotheexteriorofinteriorpathogenssuggestsremissionofit.6�表证和里证同一时期出现称为表里同病。Thesimultaneousoccurrenceofboththeexteriorandinteriorsyndromesisknownas“diseaseinvolvingbothexteriorandinterior”.7�寒证是感受寒邪�或阴盛阳虚所表现的证候。Coldsyndromeiscausedbycoldattackorpredominanceofyinwithdeclineofyang.8�热证是感受热邪、或阳盛阴虚�人体的机能活动亢进所表现的证候。Heatsyndrome,characterizedbyhyperactivityofhumanfunctions,iscausedbyinvasionofpathogenicheatorpredominanceofyangwithdeclineofyin.9�热证转化为寒证多属邪盛正虚�正不胜邪所致。Thetransformationofheatsyndromeintocoldonemostlyresultsfrompathogenstriumphingoverhealthyqi.10�表寒证是寒邪侵袭肌表所表现的证候。Exteriorcoldsyndromeiscausedbyinvasionofpathogeniccoldintothebodysurface.11�里寒证是寒邪直中脏腑�或阳气虚衰所表现的证候。Interiorcoldsyndromeiscausedbydirectattackofpathogeniccoldonthevisceraorbydeclineofyangqi. 12�里热证多为外邪传里化热�或热邪直中脏腑致使里热炽盛所表现的证候。Interiorheatsyndromeisusuallycausedbyinvasionofexogenouspathogensthattransformintoheatintheinteriororbydirectattackofpathogenicheatontheviscera,whichmakestheinteriorheatexuberant.13�虚症是对人体正气虚弱各种临床表现的病理概括。Deficiencysyndromeisapathologicalgeneralizationofvariousmanifestationsduetodeficiencyofhealthyqi.14�实证是对人体感受外邪�或体内病理产物蓄积而产生的各种临床表现的病理概括。Excesssyndromeisapathologicalgeneralizationofvariousmanifestationscausedbyexogenouspathogensoraccumulationofpathologicalsubstancesinthebody.15�阳气有余�为身热(多汗)无汗�阴气有余�为(无汗)多汗身寒。Excessofyangqileadstofeverwithpolyhidrosiswhileexcessofyinqiresultsincoldsensationwithnosweating.16�真阴不足与真阳不足就是肾阴不足与肾阳不足。Deficiencyofgenuineyinoryangreferstoinsufficiencyofkidneyyinoryang.17�亡阴与亡阳一般在高热大汗�或发汗太过�或吐泻过度�或失血过多的情况下出现。Depletionofyinoryangisusuallycausedbyhighfeverwithprofusesweating,over-diaphoresis,excessivevomitinganddiarrhea,ormassivebleeding.18�脉浮主表证�脉沉主里证。Floatingpulseindicatesexteriorsyndromewhilesunkenpulseshowsinteriorsyndrome.19�热结肠胃则腹胀满痛拒按�大便秘结。Retentionofheatintheintestinesandstomachismarkedbyconstipationorabdominaldistension,fullnessandpaindeterioratedbypressure.20�表证舌苔少变化�里证舌苔多变化。Tonguecoatingrarelychangesinexteriorsyndromewhileconstantlychangesininteriorsyndrome.Lesson161�中草药Chinesemedicinalherbs2�四气五味fourpropertiesandfiveflavors3�入药部分thepartusedformedicalpurpose4�药物采集collectionofherbs5�炮制processingofherbs6�清除杂质eliminatingimpurity7�作用和缓mildaction8�发散解表relievingexteriorsyndromebydispersion9�收敛固涩astringing10�软坚润下softeninghardnessandlubricantpurgation11�燥湿健脾dryingdampnesstoinvigoratethespleen12�升降沉浮ascending,descending,sinkingandfloating13�归经channeltropismofmedicines14�用药禁忌medicationcontraindication15�药物用量dosage 16�辛温解表药pungentandwarmherbswiththefunctionofrelievingexteriorsyndrome17�祛风湿药herbsforexpellingwindanddampness18�十八反与十九畏eighteenincompatibleherbsandnineteenherbsofmutualantagonism;eighteenantagonismsandnineteenicompatibilities19�清热凉血药herbsforclearingawayheatandcoolingbloodclash20�祛痰止咳药herbsforeliminatingsputumandstoppingcough1�植物药根据入药部分的不同�采集季节和方法也不同。Theseasonsandmethodsofcollectingherbsvarywiththepartsusedformedicinalpurposeoftheherbalplants.2�炮制是将采集来的原药用水、火、酒和醋等加以处理。Processingofherbsreferstothepreparationofcrudeherbswithwater,fire,alcoholandvinegar.3�炮制的目的是清除杂质�使药物清洁�便于服用和保存。Theaimofprocessingistogetridofimpurityandmaketheherbscleanfortheconvenienceoforaltakingandstorage.4�炮制也可减轻药物的毒性、烈性和副作用�增强疗效。Theprocessingofherbscanreducethetoxicity,intensityandside-effectsofherbssoastoenhancethecurativeeffect.5�寒性药物具有清热、泻火、解毒的作用。Cold-naturedherbshavethefunctionsofclearingawayheat,purgingfire,andremovingtoxin.6�凉性药物的作用与寒性药物相同�但较为和缓。Cool-naturedherbshavethesamefunctionwithcold-naturedherbsexceptthattheformerismilder.7�热性药物具有祛寒、温里、助阳的作用。Hot-naturedherbshavethefunctionsofexpellingcoldness,warmingtheinteriorandinvigoratingyang.8�介于温凉之间的药物为平性药。Herbsthatfallinbetweenthecool-naturedandwarm-naturedherbsareneutrallynatured.9�辛味药多有发散和行气血的作用。Herbspungentinflavorhavethefunctionsofdispersingandpromotingflowofqiandblood.10�甘味药有补养及和缓的作用。Herbssweetinflavorhavethefunctionsoftonifying,harmonizingandmoderating.11�酸味药有收敛固涩的作用。Herbssourinflavorhavetheastringingfunction.12�苦味药有燥湿和泻下的作用。Herbsbitterinflavorhavethefunctionsofdryingdampnessandpurgation.13�咸味药有软坚润下的作用。Herbssaltyinflavorhavethefunctionsofsofteninghardnessandlubricantpurgation. 14�药物的作用趋向有升降沉浮之别。Thefunctionaltendenciesofherbshavedifferencesofascending,descending,sinkingandfloating.15�所谓归经�是指某种药物对于人体某些脏腑经络的病具有选择性的治疗作用。Socalledchanneltropismmeansthataherbplaysaselectivelytherapeuticeffectondisordersofcertainhumanvisceraandchannels.16�除少数药单独使用外�多数都是配合起来使用的。Mostherbshavetobeusedincombinationexceptafewspecialones.17�配合适当可以加强药效�或监制毒性。Propercombinationofherbscanreinforcethecurativeeffectsorreducetoxicity.18�毒性剧烈的药物用量过多就会发生副作用或中毒。Overuseofherbswithacutetoxicitywillcauseside-effectsorintoxication.19�妊娠期间使用中药�应注意药物的禁忌。Thecontraindicationofherbsshouldbestressedformedicationingestationalperiod.20�单味药用量宜重�复方配伍�用量宜轻。Thedosageofasingly-appliedherbshouldbelargerwhilethedosageofherbsinacompoundshouldbesmaller.Lesson171�方剂学scienceofprescription2�配伍关系combination(ofherbs)3�组成规律formulatingrule(ofaprescription)4�方剂的加减modificationofaprescription5�剂型与剂量drugformanddosage6�君臣佐使monarch,minister,assistantandguide7�药物毒性toxicityofmedicinalherb8�缓和药性moderatingthepropertyofherb9�引经报使guidingaction10�调和诸药mediatingallherbs(inaprescription)11�温经散寒warmingchannelstodissipatecold12�宣肺平喘dispersingthelungtorelieveasthma13�灵活化裁flexiblemodification14�清散郁热clearingawayanddispersingstagnatedheat15�随症加减modificationaccordingtosymptoms16�药物饮片herbalslice17�内服散剂oralpower18�外用膏剂extractforexternalapplication19�开水冲服oraltakingfollowinginfusedinboiledwater20�浓缩浸膏condensedextract1�方剂学是研究药物的配伍关系、组成规律、临床应用和复方药理的一门科学。Thescienceofprescriptionaimstostudythecombinationofherbs,formulatingruleofdifferentherbsinaprescription,andclinicalapplicationandpharmacologyofthecompoundprescription. 2�药物的加减变化就是通过药物的增减�改变其配伍关系�使之成为另一方剂。Modificationofaprescriptionreferstochangingtheprescriptionintoanotheronebyaddingordeductingsomeherbstoalterthecomponentsinprescription.3�方剂组成发生变化后�其功用和主治也发生变化。Thefunctionandindicationofaprescriptionvarywiththemodificationofitscomponentherbs.4�麻黄与石膏配伍�重在清散郁热。ThecombinationofMahuangandShigaoaimsmainlytoclearawayanddispersestagnatedheat.5�在主证不变的情况下�可随着症状的变化加入或减少某些药物以适应当前的病情。Someherbscanbeaddedordeductedaccordingtothechangesofsymptomssoastoadapttothepresentconditionasthemainsyndromeisunchanged.6�方剂的组成有一定的原则�而方剂的运用却极为灵活。Thoughtherearecertainrulesfortheformulationofaprescription,itsapplicationisveryflexible.7�汤剂的优点是煎出的有效成分在服用后易于吸收。Theadvantageofdecoctionisthattheeffectiveelementscanbeeasilyabsorbedafterbeingtaken.8�凡发汗解表的药物不宜久煎�因为这些药物的主要成分为挥发油。Herbswiththefunctionofpromotingsweatingtorelievetheexteriorsyndromearenotsuitableforlong-termdecoctioninthatthemainsubstancesoftheherbsarevolatileoil.9�有些新鲜药物可采用捣汁和服的方法。Somefreshherbsmaybetakenbypoundingitintojuice.10�丸剂因其吸收较慢�故多用于慢性病。Pillsarecommonlyusedinchronicdiseasesbecausetheyareslowinabsorption.11�外用散剂是将药物研成细末�撒布或调敷患处�作为局部治疗用。Thepowdersforexternalapplication,madebygrindingmedicinalherbsintominutesubstances,areoftenspreadorpastedonaffectedareasofthebodyfortopicaltreatment.12�药酒一般能活血通络、祛风止痛�大多用于风湿痛、扭伤疼痛等。Medicatedwinecangenerallyactivatebloodtodredgecollateralsandexpelwindtostoppain,soitisoftenusedtotreatrheumatalgiaorpainsduetosprain,etc.13�凡是以辛散发表的药物为主组成�用以治疗表证的方剂称为解表剂。Those(prescriptions)thataremainlycomposedofpungentherbswiththefunctionofdispersingexteriorpathogensintreatmentofexteriorsyndromearecalledexteriorsyndrome-relievingprescription,14�麻黄汤发汗力较强�只适用于风寒表实证。MahuangDecoctionisverypowerfulindiaphoresis,soitisusedonlytotreatexterior-excesssyndromeduetowind-cold.15�桂枝汤的功用是解肌发表�调和营卫。GuizhiDecoctionfunctionstoexpeltheexogenouspathogensfromtheskinandmusclesandharmonizenourishinganddefendingaspects. 16�祛风剂由祛风散寒药物或祛除风湿的药物为主组成。Wind-expellingprescriptionismainlycomposedofherbswiththefunctionofexpellingwind-coldorherbswiththefunctionofeliminatingwind-dampness.17�祛风方中所用药物多性温、苦、燥、升阳。Theherbsusedinwind-expellingprescriptionsaremostlybitterinflavor,warmanddryinproperty,andyang-liftinginfunction.18�祛湿剂主要由祛除湿邪的药物组成�用以治疗风湿病。Adampness-expellingprescription,mainlycomposedofherbswiththefunctionofexpellingpathogenicdampness,isusedtotreatrheumatism.19�以凉性、寒性药物为主组成�用以治疗热证、火证的方剂称为清热剂。Thosethataremainlycomposedofcoolorcoldnaturedherbsandusedtotreatheatandfiresyndromesarecalledheat-clearingprescriptions20�以泻下的药物为主组成�用以攻逐里实的方剂为泻下剂。Purgativeprescriptionsaretodefinedtobemainlycomposedofherbswiththefunctionofpurgationforthepurposeofpurginginterior-excess.Lesson181�针灸疗法acupunctureandmoxibustion(therapy)2�针刺补泻reinforcingandreducingtechniquesinacupuncture3�针刺手法needlingtechniques4�进针手法methodsforneedle-inserting5�针刺止痛analgesiabyacupuncture6�针刺麻醉acupunctureanesthesia7�针感needlingsensation8�皮内针intradermalneedle9�针刺的角度与深度angleanddepthofneedling10�双手进针法insertionofneedlewithdoublehands11�行针manipulationofneedle12�耳针疗法earacupuncture(therapy)13�提插捻转lifting,thrusting,twistingandrotating(techniques)14�水针疗法water-acupuncture(therapy)15�头针疗法scalp-acupuncture(therapy)16�化脓灸blisteringmoxibustion17�斑痕灸scarringmoxibustion18�艾炷灸moxibustionwithmoxacone19�灯火灸lampmoxibustion20�温针灸moxibustionwithwarmingneedle/warmingneedlingwithmoxibustion1�针灸疗法在临床上的应用源远流长。Thetherapyofacupunctureandmoxibustionhasalonghistoryinclinicalpractice.2�灸法可以说是借助火力进行治病的方法。Moxibustionisactuallyamethodofutilizingfiretotreatdisease.3�现代针灸在经络、腧穴、针法、灸法、临床治疗等方面都有了重大的发展。Modernacupunctureandmoxibustionhavedevelopedsignificantlyinsuchaspectsas channelsandcollaterals,acupoints,needlingtechniques,moxibustionmethods,andclinicaltreatments.4�毫针是临床上最常用的针刺用针。Thefiliformneedleisthecommonestneedlingtoolclinically.5�常用的进针手法主要分为单手进针法和双手进针法。Thecommonneedle-insertingmethodsareclassifiedassingle-handedinsertionanddouble-handedinsertion.6�针刺除了要掌握进针手法以外�还要注意针刺的角度、方向和深度。Apartfrominsertingtechniques,attentionshouldalsobepaidtotheangle,directionanddepthofneedling.7�针刺深度一般以既有针感又不伤及重要脏器为原则。Thedepthofneedlingshouldbeproperlydeterminedtoinduceneedlingsensationandatthesametimenottoinjurethevitalorgans.8�针刺入穴位后所施行的各种手法称为行针。Thevariousneedlingtechniquesperformedafterinsertingtheneedlearecalledneedlemanipulation.9�捻转法指针刺入一定深度后�将针向前向后来回旋转捻动的方法。Therotatingtechniquereferstothemanipulationoftwistingtheneedletoandfroafterinsertingitintoacertaindepth.10�得气是指针刺时出现的酸麻胀痛的感觉。Thearrivalofqireferstoasore,numb,distendingorpainfulsensationsappearingforthepatientduringtheprocessofneedling.11�平补平泻指进针后均匀地提插捻转�得气后出针。Evenreinforcing-reducingtechniquereferstothemanipulationoflifting,thrusting,twistingandrotatingoftheneedlewithmoderateforceandevenfrequencyafterinsertingit,andthenwithdrawingitafterthearrivalofqi.12�三棱针疗法是一种刺破患者穴位或浅表血管并放出少量血液以治疗疾病的方法。Thetherapywithtriple-edgedneedleisatherapeuticmethodofprickingtheacupointsorsuperficialveinsofthepatientstoletoutasmallamountofblood.13�皮肤针疗法是多针浅刺的一种治疗方法。Theskinneedletherapyisatherapeuticmethodtoshallowlypricktheskinwithseveralneedles.14�皮内针疗法是将特制的皮内针刺入皮内并固定留置一定时间的一种疗法。Theintradermalneedletherapyisatherapeuticmethodofembeddingspeciallymadeintradermalneedleintotheskinforaperiodofretention.15�水针疗法就是将药物注入穴位以治疗疾病的一种方法。Thewaterneedletherapyisatherapeuticmethodofinjectingliquidmedicineintocertainacupointsforthetreatmentofdiseases.16�灸法一般可分为直接灸和间接灸两种。Themoxibustiontechniquesaregenerallydividedintotwokindsofdirectmoxibustionandindirectionmoxibustion.17�灸治疗法一般使用于虚证、寒证和阴证的疾病。Thetherapyofmoxibustionisusuallyapplicabletothetreatmentofdeficiency, coldandyinsyndromes.18�对于形体虚弱、久病、虚证及慢性病患者宜使用小炷少壮。Forpatientswithaweakphysique,orprolongeddisease,deficiencysyndromeorchronicdisease,smalleryetfewermoxaconesshouldbeused.19�灸法能调整生物体的生理功能和增强抗病能力。Moxibustioncanregulatethephysiologicalfunctionsofthebodyandimproveitspowerofresistingdisease.20�常灸足三里和大椎等穴位�能激发人体正气�增强抗病能力。RegularpracticeofmoxibustionattheacupointsofZhusanliandDazhuicanstrengthenthehealthyqiofthebodyandimproveitsresistance(todisease).Lesson191.推拿手法tuinamanipulations2.减轻疼痛alleviatingpain3.功法训练exerciseforpracticingtuina4.放松肌肉relaxingmuscles5.解除肌肉紧张relievingmusculartension6.活动受限restrictedactivity7.关节脱位dislocationofjoint8.腰椎间盘突出protrusionoflumbarvertebraldisc9.旋转复位rotatingreduction10.软组织损伤injuryofsofttissue11.关节粘连僵硬adhesionandstiffnessofjoint12.滑利关节lubricatingjoint13.手法补泻reinforcingandreducingmanipulation14.拇指平推法horizontalpushingwiththethumb15.一指禅推法pushingmanipulationwithonefinger16.点按法point-pressingmanipulation17.大鱼际揉法kneadingmanipulationwiththelargethenar18.交替搓揉alternatedrubbingandkneading19.腰际劳损injuryoflumbarmuscles20.垂直用力verticalexertionofforce1.推拿是人类最古老的一种医治疾病的方法Tuinaisthemostancienttherapeuticmethodusedbythemankindtotreatdiseases.2.按摩能使疼痛减轻或消失Tuinacanalleviateorstoppain.3.推拿是解除肌肉紧张、痉挛的有效方法。Tuinaisaneffectivemethodtorelievemusculartensionandspasm.4.大多数压痛点既是损伤的部位�也是推拿治疗的关键部位Mostofthetendernesspointsareboththeinjuredareaandthekeylocationforapplyingtuinatherapy.5.适当的手法可以使肌肉间的力学平衡得以恢复。Propermanipulationscanrestorethemechanicalbalanceofmuscles.6.临床实践证明�推拿对促进机体功能有很大的作用。 Clinicalpracticehasprovedthattuinaisveryeffectiveinpromotingthefunctionsofthebody.7.温法指用摆动、摩擦、挤压的手法治疗虚寒证的一种疗法。Warmingtherapyoftuinaisatherapeuticmethodusedtotreatdeficiency-coldsyndromebyswaying,rubbingandpressing.8.推拿手法的基本动作来源于人们的日常生活。Thebasicmanipulatingtechniquesweredevelopedfrompeople’dailylifeactivities.9.推拿治病主要靠的是手法技巧�而不是粗暴的蛮力。Itisnotviolentforcesbutmanipulatingtechniquesthatthetherapyoftuinareliesontotreatdiseases.10.熟练的推拿手法应该具备持久、有力、均匀、柔和、深透的基本要求。Theskilledmanipulationsshouldbelasting,forceful,rhythmic,softandpenetrating.11.平推法是推法中着力较重的一种�推的时候须用一定的压力。Horizontalpushingmanipulationisoneoftheheavyonesperformedwithcertainpressure.12.往上推为清�往下推为补Upwardpushingworkstoclearwhiledownwardpushingworkstotonify.13.凡治小儿热证、实证均用直推法Infantileheatsyndromeorexcesssyndromecanbetreatedbystraightpushingmanipulation.14.拿法的刺激较强�具有疏通经络�解表发汗�镇静止痛�开窍提神等作用。Grabbingmanipulation,veryeffectiveinstimulation,hasthefunctionofdredgingchannelsandcollaterals,relievingexteriorsyndromebydiaphoresis,stoppingpainthroughtranquilization,oropeningorificesforresuscitation.15.按法较为简单�有很好的治疗效果�为各种推拿流派中的常用手法。Pressingmanipulation,commonlyseeninallschoolsoftuina,issimpleyeteffective.16.摩法是推拿手法中最轻柔的一种�临床上一般作为补法应用。Strokingmanipulationisthesoftestofallmanipulationsandisoftenusedforreinforcingpurposeinclinicalpractice.17.搓法是一种辅助手法�常用于四肢及胁肋部。Rubbingmanipulationisasupplementaryoneandisoftenappliedtothefourlimbs,hypochondriumandrib-side.18.采用擦法时必须在施术部位涂少许润滑剂以保护皮肤Whenapplyingrubbingmanipulation,alittlelubricantshouldbeappliedtotheskinforprotection.19.拉法是骨折移位及关节脱位等必不可少的手法。Pullingmanipulationisanindispensablemethodusedtotreatdisplacementoffractureanddislocationofjoints,etc.20.振法常作为治疗胸腹胀痛�消化不良等症的辅助手法。Vibratingmanipulationisasupplementarymethodusedtotreatdistendingpaininthechestandabdomenordyspepsia.'